TYPES OF FOUNDATION AND ITS DETAILS
Foundation is the lowest part of the structure .it is used
to transmit the load from structure to hard strata of the soil.
The foundation is classified into two types
1.shallow foundation
2.deep foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
When the load is transferred through the shear resistance of
the bearing stratum and the depth not more than 3m is called shallow foundation
The depth of the foundation less than or equal to the width
of the foundation is also called shallow foundation.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Depth of foundation is more than 3m is called deep
foundation. the load is transferred to the load bearing stratum by mean of
friction or end bearings. Heavy load buildings are used deep foundation for
like multi storied buildings, dams , docks etc.
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
We are already discussed about the shallow foundation .now
we are going to see types of shallow foundations and its uses.
ISOLATED FOOTINGS
In framed structures where several columns involved can be
provided with masonry or concrete footing. If masonry footing is provided steps
are given and the foundations are is thus increased so that the stresses
developed at the base is within the limit. Concrete can be molded to any shape and
hence a concrete footing may be a sloping one to provide sufficient spread. In
case masonry footing the projection of each step must be ½ brick thick and each
step is made of 1 or 2 bricks put together.
COMBINED FOOTING
This type of footing is provided when the space between two
columns is very small and overlap single footing to another footing combined
footing is provided. This foundation is rectangular or trapezoidal shape.
STRIPE FOOTING
Stripe footing is the one of the shallow foundation .this
foundation is used when the required bearing capacity of soil is available less
than the 3m from the ground level. There the footing is provide the length of
the wall in case of load bearing walls. They are classified into two types
I.
Simple footing
II.
Stepped footing
SIMPLE FOOTING
Simple footing is provided for the very light load structure like residential
buildings.in this footing foundation is used cement concrete or lime concrete.
The projection of both side is 15 cm.
STEPPED FOOTING
Stepped footing is provided when the ground level has a slope.
Otherwise it not provided because it is not economical. Two or three footings
are provided below the ground level. This footings are constructed in brick masonry.
RAFT OF MAT FOUNDATION
Raft foundation is provided when a combined footing covers a
number of columns in a row or a number of wall in a number of rows it is than
termed as a raft or mat foundation. Raft foundation transmits the load to the
slab through the continuous slab. This type of foundation is used where the
soil have low bearing capacity and un uniform settlement. Such a foundation is
used heavy load structures.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep foundation is provide where the bearing capacity of
soil is not available within the 3m deep from earth surface. Also heavy loaded
structures like multi storied buildings.
PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation is the one of the deep foundation. This
foundation is laid under the following conditions.
1.when the structure is tall and heavy and the soil is loose
or sandy and firm ground is available only at 10-15m depth
2. when the foundation to be laid is below the scour the
scour depth
3.when excessive settlement is to be avoided.
PILE FOUNDATIONS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES
I. Bearing piles
II.
Fiction files
III.
Combined bearing and friction piles
BEARING PILES
These piles are transmitted the load to the hard strata of
soil by the way of the resistance developed at the pile base. This type of
foundation is adopted when the soil above the hard stratum is not suitable to
bearing the load. bearing piles are designed as columns .
FRICTION PILES
These piles not transmit the load to end of the pile .this
also called floating pile. The load is resisted by the way of friction between
the file to the soil. And its provided when the soil is sandy to a large depth.
COMBINED BEARING AND FRICTION PILES
When the soil is sandy to a limited depth after which there
is hard stratum then the foundation used is a combined bearing and friction
pile.
There are many piles are provided below the columns .the
pile cap is provided at the top of the pile . the pile cap is used to transmit
the load from the columns to the piles equally.
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